Absceso cerebral: revisión de caso clínico / Brain abscess: a case report

Resumen Paciente de 69 años con antecedentes de diabetes, hipertensión arterial y EPOC, presenta alteraciones del estado neurológico focal y del estado de alerta, que corresponde inicialmente con un coma diabético y tensión arterial elevada, posteriormente con dificultad para elevar el párpado derecho, realizándose tomografía de cráneo, resonancia magnética de cráneo y exámenes de laboratorio. Tomografía de cráneo con reporte de hallazgos indirectos de trombosis vs. tromboflebitis del seno cavernoso caracterizado por ptosis derecha con incremento de la densidad de la grasa intraconal, edema de los músculos extraconales, abombamiento del seno cavernoso de predominio izquierdo, zona de infarto en giros frontobasales, proceso inflamatorio en la mucosa nasal de cavidades paranasales. Resonancia magnética de cráneo con reporte de abscesos parenquimatosos de localización frontobasal bilateral que se asocia a proceso inflamatorio e infeccioso etmoidal bilateral y miositis del oblicuo superior derecho.

Summary Patient of 69 years with a history of diabetes, arterial hypertension and COPD, showing conscious and focal alterations of the neurologic state, which at a beginning correspond to a diabetic comma and elevated blood pressure with difficulty to elevate the right eyelid, cranium tomography, cranium magnetic resonance and laboratory tests are run. The tomography shows findings of thrombosis vs. thrombophlebitis of the venous sinus characterized by right ptosis with increment of the intraconal fat density, extraconal muscle edema, predominantly left bulging of the venous sinus, infarct on the frontobasal gyrus. Inflammatory process of the nasal mucosa of paranasal cavities. Cranium magnetic resonance bilateral frontobasal parenchimal abscesses are reported, associated to bilateral etmoidal inflammatory and infectious process and myositis of the upper right oblicuos.

A systematic review of reviews identifying UK validated dietary assessment tools for inclusion on an interactive guided website for researchers: www.nutritools.org.

Background: Health researchers may struggle to choose suitable validated dietary assessment tools (DATs) for their target population. The aim of this review was to identify and collate information on validated UK DATs and validation studies for inclusion on a website to support researchers to choose appropriate DATs.Design: A systematic review of reviews of DATs was undertaken. DATs validated in UK populations were extracted from the studies identified. A searchable website was designed to display these data. Additionally, mean differences and limits of agreement between test and comparison methods were summarized by a method, weighting by sample size.Results: Over 900 validation results covering 5 life stages, 18 nutrients, 6 dietary assessment methods, and 9 validation method types were extracted from 63 validated DATs which were identified from 68 reviews. These were incorporated into www.nutritools.org. Limits of agreement were determined for about half of validations. Thirty four DATs were FFQs. Only 17 DATs were validated against biomarkers, and only 19 DATs were validated in infant/children/adolescents.Conclusions: The interactive www.nutritools.org website holds extensive validation data identified from this review and can be used to guide researchers to critically compare and choose a suitable DAT for their research question, leading to improvement of nutritional epidemiology research.

Zinc Intake and Status and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Zinc could have a protective role against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between dietary, supplementary, and total zinc intake, as well as serum/plasma and whole blood zinc concentration, and risk of T2DM. Observational studies, conducted on cases of incident diabetes or T2DM patients and healthy subjects that reported a measure of association between zinc exposure and T2DM, were selected. Random effects meta-analyses were applied to obtain combined results. Stratified meta-analyses and meta-regressions were executed to assess sources of heterogeneity, as well as the impact of covariates on the findings. From 12,136 publications, 16 studies were selected. The odds ratio (OR) for T2DM comparing the highest versus lowest zinc intake from diet was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.78-0.98). Nevertheless, no association between supplementary or total zinc intake from both diet and supplementation, and T2DM was observed. A direct relationship was found between serum/plasma zinc levels and T2DM (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.25-2.14). A moderately high dietary zinc intake, in relation to the Dietary Reference Intake, could reduce by 13% the risk of T2DM, and up to 41% in rural areas. Conversely, elevated serum/plasma zinc concentration was associated with an increased risk of T2DM by 64%, suggesting disturbances in zinc homeostasis.

Measuring energy, macro and micronutrient intake in UK children and adolescents: a comparison of validated dietary assessment tools.

BACKGROUND: Measuring dietary intake in children and adolescents can be challenging due to misreporting, difficulties in establishing portion size and reliance on recording dietary data via proxy reporters. The aim of this review was to present results from a recent systematic review of reviews reporting and comparing validated dietary assessment tools used in younger populations in the UK. METHODS: Validation data for dietary assessment tools used in younger populations (≤18 years) were extracted and summarised using results from a systematic review of reviews of validated dietary assessment tools. Mean differences and Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LOA) between the test and reference tool were extracted or calculated and compared for energy, macronutrients and micronutrients. RESULTS: Seventeen studies which reported validation of 14 dietary assessment tools (DATs) were identified with relevant nutrition information. The most commonly validated nutrients were energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, calcium, iron, folate and vitamin C. There were no validated DATs reporting assessment of zinc, iodine or selenium intake. The most frequently used reference method was the weighed food diary, followed by doubly labelled water and 24 h recall. Summary plots were created to facilitate comparison between tools. On average, the test tools reported higher mean intakes than the reference methods with some studies consistently reporting wide LOA. Out of the 14 DATs, absolute values for LOA and mean difference were obtained for 11 DATs for EI. From the 24 validation results assessing EI, 16 (67%) reported higher mean intakes than the reference. Of the seven (29%) validation studies using doubly labelled water (DLW) as the reference, results for the test DATs were not substantially better or worse than those using other reference measures. Further information on the studies from this review is available on the www.nutritools.org website. CONCLUSIONS: Validated dietary assessment tools for use with children and adolescents in the UK have been identified and compared. Whilst tools are generally validated for macronutrient intakes, micronutrients are poorly evaluated. Validation studies that include estimates of zinc, selenium, dietary fibre, sugars and sodium are needed.

Dietary assessment toolkits: an overview.

OBJECTIVE: A wide variety of methods are available to assess dietary intake, each one with different strengths and weaknesses. Researchers face multiple challenges when diet and nutrition need to be accurately assessed, particularly in the selection of the most appropriate dietary assessment method for their study. The goal of the current collaborative work is to present a collection of available resources for dietary assessment implementation.Design/Setting/ParticipantsAs a follow-up to the 9th International Conference on Diet and Physical Activity Methods held in 2015, developers of dietary assessment toolkits agreed to collaborate in the preparation of the present paper, which provides an overview of each toolkit. The toolkits presented include: the Diet, Anthropometry and Physical Activity Measurement Toolkit (DAPA; UK); the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Dietary Assessment Primer (USA); the Nutritools website (UK); the Australasian Child and Adolescent Obesity Research Network (ACAORN) method selector (Australia); and the Danone Dietary Assessment Toolkit (DanoneDAT; France). An at-a-glance summary of features and comparison of the toolkits is provided. RESULTS: The present review contains general background on dietary assessment, along with a summary of each of the included toolkits, a feature comparison table and direct links to each toolkit, all of which are freely available online. CONCLUSIONS: This overview of dietary assessment toolkits provides comprehensive information to aid users in the selection and implementation of the most appropriate dietary assessment method, or combination of methods, with the goal of collecting the highest-quality dietary data possible.

Costos médicos directos por intento de suicidio en pacientes del hospital mental de Antioquia, Colombia

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Analizar el comportamiento de los costos médicos directos en relación al número de intentos de suicidio y comparar los costos de atención cognitivo-conductual respecto al tratamiento convencional. Métodos. Se cuantificaron los costos por prestación de servicios hospitalarios por intento de suicidio en 248 pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad mental atendidos en la empresa social del estado (E.S.E.) Hospital Mental de Antioquia y se implementó una evaluación de costo-consecuencia. Resultados. Se encontró que los costos directos promedio de la atención de pacientes con cuatro o más intentos de suicidio fueron equivalentes a 5 641 dólares estadounidenses (USD), con una diferencia de USD 5 490 respecto al grupo con un solo intento. Además, dichos costos aumentaron conforme se incrementó el número de intentos. Por último, el diagnóstico de enfermedad mental (p. ej., cronicidad), el método de intento y la necesidad de servicios especializados se relacionaron con el incremento en los costos directos. Conclusiones. La implementación de estrategias preventivas desde la salud pública que evalúen y hagan seguimiento a los factores psicosociales podría reducir la presentación de la problemática y de sus costos médicos directos.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Analyze the behavior of direct medical costs in relation to the number of suicide attempts and compare the costs of cognitive-behavioral therapy with those of conventional treatment. Methods. The cost of hospital services for attempted suicide was quantified for 248 patients with a diagnosis of mental illness treated at the Antioquia Mental Hospital, a state social enterprise (E.S.E.), and a cost-outcome analysis was performed. Results. It was found that the average direct cost of care for patients with four or more suicide attempts was equivalent to US$ 5,641, a US$ 5,490 difference vis-à-vis the group with a single attempt. Moreover, the cost increased with the number of attempts. Finally, the diagnosis of mental illness (e.g., chronicity), the method used in the suicide attempt, and the need for specialized services were associated with the increase in direct costs. Conclusions. The use of a public health approach involving preventive strategies that assess and monitor psychosocial factors could reduce the problem and its direct medical costs.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Examinar o comportamento dos custos médicos diretos em relação ao número de tentativas de suicídio e comparar o custo da terapia cognitivocomportamental e do tratamento convencional. Métodos. O custo por prestação de serviços hospitalares por tentativa de suicídio foi mensurado em 248 pacientes com diagnóstico de doença mental atendidos no Hospital Mental de Antioquia, um serviço da previdência social do Estado, e foi conduzida uma análise de custo-consequência. Resultados. Verificou-se que os custos diretos médios do atendimento de pacientes com quatro ou mais tentativas de suicídio foram equivalentes a US$ 5.641, com uma diferença de US$ 5.490 em relação aos custos para os pacientes com uma única tentativa de suicídio. Estes custos aumentaram conforme aumentou o número de tentativas. O diagnóstico de doença mental (por exemplo, doença crônica), o método de tentativa de suicídio e a necessidade de serviços especializados foram relacionados ao aumento dos custos diretos. Conclusões. A implementação de estratégias de prevenção de uma perspectiva de saúde pública para avaliar e monitorar os fatores psicossociais poderia contribuir para reduzir a ocorrência do problema e os custos médicos diretos correspondentes.

Dietary zinc intake and whole blood zinc concentration in subjects with type 2 diabetes versus healthy subjects: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression.

The aim of this systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression was to examine the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and concentration of zinc in whole blood, as well as dietary zinc intake. Searches were performed using Ovid MEDLINE, Embase (Ovid) and The Cochrane Library (CENTRAL). Observational studies conducted on diabetic and healthy adults, with data on dietary zinc intake and/or concentration of zinc in whole blood, were selected. The search strategy yielded 11,150 publications and the manual search 6, of which 11 were included in the meta-analyses. Mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI), were calculated using the generic inverse-variance method with random-effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran Q-statistic and quantified by the I2 statistic. Meta-regressions and stratified analysis were used to examine whether any covariate had influence on the results. The pooled MD for the dietary zinc intake meta-analysis was -0.40 (95% CI: -1.59 to 0.79; I2 = 61.0%). Differences between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects became significant in the presence of complications associated with diabetes (MD = -2.26; 95% CI: -3.49 to -1.02; I2 = 11.9%). Meta-regression showed that for each year since the diagnosis of diabetes the concentration of zinc in whole blood decreased in diabetic patients regarding healthy controls [MD (concentration of zinc in blood) = 732.61 + (-77.88303) × (duration of diabetes in years)], which is not generally explained by a lower intake of zinc.

[Direct medical costs of suicide attempts by patients in Columbia's Antioquia Mental HospitalCustos médicos diretos por tentativa de suicídio em pacientes do hospital de saúde mental de Antioquia, Colômbia]. / Costos médicos directos por intento de suicidio en pacientes del hospital mental de Antioquia, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the behavior of direct medical costs in relation to the number of suicide attempts and compare the costs of cognitive-behavioral therapy with those of conventional treatment. METHODS: The cost of hospital services for attempted suicide was quantified for 248 patients with a diagnosis of mental illness treated at the Antioquia Mental Hospital, a state social enterprise (E.S.E.), and a cost-outcome analysis was performed. RESULTS: It was found that the average direct cost of care for patients with four or more suicide attempts was equivalent to US$ 5,641, a US$ 5,490 difference vis-à-vis the group with a single attempt. Moreover, the cost increased with the number of attempts. Finally, the diagnosis of mental illness (e.g., chronicity), the method used in the suicide attempt, and the need for specialized services were associated with the increase in direct costs. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a public health approach involving preventive strategies that assess and monitor psychosocial factors could reduce the problem and its direct medical costs.

OBJETIVO: Examinar o comportamento dos custos médicos diretos em relação ao número de tentativas de suicídio e comparar o custo da terapia cognitivo-comportamental e do tratamento convencional. MÉTODOS: O custo por prestação de serviços hospitalares por tentativa de suicídio foi mensurado em 248 pacientes com diagnóstico de doença mental atendidos no Hospital Mental de Antioquia, um serviço da previdência social do Estado, e foi conduzida uma análise de custo-consequência. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que os custos diretos médios do atendimento de pacientes com quatro ou mais tentativas de suicídio foram equivalentes a US$ 5.641, com uma diferença de US$ 5.490 em relação aos custos para os pacientes com uma única tentativa de suicídio. Estes custos aumentaram conforme aumentou o número de tentativas. O diagnóstico de doença mental (por exemplo, doença crônica), o método de tentativa de suicídio e a necessidade de serviços especializados foram relacionados ao aumento dos custos diretos. CONCLUSÕES: A implementação de estratégias de prevenção de uma perspectiva de saúde pública para avaliar e monitorar os fatores psicossociais poderia contribuir para reduzir a ocorrência do problema e os custos médicos diretos correspondentes.

Costos médicos directos por intento de suicidio en pacientes del hospital mental de Antioquia, Colombia / Direct medical costs of suicide attempts by patients in Columbia's Antioquia Mental Hospital / Custos médicos diretos por tentativa de suicídio em pacientes do hospital de saúde mental de Antioquia, Colômbia

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar el comportamiento de los costos médicos directos en relación al número de intentos de suicidio y comparar los costos de atención cognitivo-conductual respecto al tratamiento convencional. Métodos Se cuantificaron los costos por prestación de servicios hospitalarios por intento de suicidio en 248 pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad mental atendidos en la empresa social del estado (E.S.E.) Hospital Mental de Antioquia y se implementó una evaluación de costo-consecuencia. Resultados Se encontró que los costos directos promedio de la atención de pacientes con cuatro o más intentos de suicidio fueron equivalentes a 5 641 dólares estadounidenses (USD), con una diferencia de USD 5 490 respecto al grupo con un solo intento. Además, dichos costos aumentaron conforme se incrementó el número de intentos. Por último, el diagnóstico de enfermedad mental (p. ej., cronicidad), el método de intento y la necesidad de servicios especializados se relacionaron con el incremento en los costos directos. Conclusiones La implementación de estrategias preventivas desde la salud pública que evalúen y hagan seguimiento a los factores psicosociales podría reducir la presentación de la problemática y de sus costos médicos directos.

ABSTRACT Objective Analyze the behavior of direct medical costs in relation to the number of suicide attempts and compare the costs of cognitive-behavioral therapy with those of conventional treatment. Methods The cost of hospital services for attempted suicide was quantified for 248 patients with a diagnosis of mental illness treated at the Antioquia Mental Hospital, a state social enterprise (E.S.E.), and a cost-outcome analysis was performed. Results It was found that the average direct cost of care for patients with four or more suicide attempts was equivalent to US$ 5,641, a US$ 5,490 difference vis-à-vis the group with a single attempt. Moreover, the cost increased with the number of attempts. Finally, the diagnosis of mental illness (e.g., chronicity), the method used in the suicide attempt, and the need for specialized services were associated with the increase in direct costs. Conclusions The use of a public health approach involving preventive strategies that assess and monitor psychosocial factors could reduce the problem and its direct medical costs.

RESUMO Objetivo Examinar o comportamento dos custos médicos diretos em relação ao número de tentativas de suicídio e comparar o custo da terapia cognitivo-comportamental e do tratamento convencional. Métodos O custo por prestação de serviços hospitalares por tentativa de suicídio foi mensurado em 248 pacientes com diagnóstico de doença mental atendidos no Hospital Mental de Antioquia, um serviço da previdência social do Estado, e foi conduzida uma análise de custo-consequência. Resultados Verificou-se que os custos diretos médios do atendimento de pacientes com quatro ou mais tentativas de suicídio foram equivalentes a US$ 5.641, com uma diferença de US$ 5.490 em relação aos custos para os pacientes com uma única tentativa de suicídio. Estes custos aumentaram conforme aumentou o número de tentativas. O diagnóstico de doença mental (por exemplo, doença crônica), o método de tentativa de suicídio e a necessidade de serviços especializados foram relacionados ao aumento dos custos diretos. Conclusões A implementação de estratégias de prevenção de uma perspectiva de saúde pública para avaliar e monitorar os fatores psicossociais poderia contribuir para reduzir a ocorrência do problema e os custos médicos diretos correspondentes.

DIET@NET: Best Practice Guidelines for dietary assessment in health research.

BACKGROUND: Dietary assessment is complex, and strategies to select the most appropriate dietary assessment tool (DAT) in epidemiological research are needed. The DIETary Assessment Tool NETwork (DIET@NET) aimed to establish expert consensus on Best Practice Guidelines (BPGs) for dietary assessment using self-report. METHODS: The BPGs were developed using the Delphi technique. Two Delphi rounds were conducted. A total of 131 experts were invited, and of these 65 accepted, with 48 completing Delphi round I and 51 completing Delphi round II. In all, a total of 57 experts from North America, Europe, Asia and Australia commented on the 47 suggested guidelines. RESULTS: Forty-three guidelines were generated, grouped into the following four stages: Stage I. Define what is to be measured in terms of dietary intake (what? who? and when?); Stage II. Investigate different types of DATs; Stage III. Evaluate existing tools to select the most appropriate DAT by evaluating published validation studies; Stage IV. Think through the implementation of the chosen DAT and consider sources of potential biases. CONCLUSIONS: The Delphi technique consolidated expert views on best practice in assessing dietary intake. The BPGs provide a valuable guide for health researchers to choose the most appropriate dietary assessment method for their studies. These guidelines will be accessible through the Nutritools website, www.nutritools.org .

Opinión del jefe inmediato sobre el desempeño de los egresados de la Licenciatura en Enfermería / Immediate Supervisor Opinion about the Performance of Nursing Undergraduates / Opinião do supervisor sobre o desempenho dos formandos do bacharelado em enfermagem

Objetivo: Identificar la opinión de los jefes inmediatos sobre el desempeño de los egresados de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza para retroalimentar el plan de estudios y establecer un plan de mejoramiento continuo sobre las fortalezas y debilidades. Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y correlacional. Con una muestra no probabilística a conveniencia conformada por 29 jefes inmediatos en instituciones de salud en el segundo y tercer nivel de atención. Se aplicó el instrumento opinión del jefe inmediato sobre empleabilidad, satisfacción y desempeño laboral. El instrumento presentó una confiabilidad de 0,820 con la prueba de alfa de Cronbach y fue validado por expertos. Resultados: Para la contratación, el título se ubicó como la principal característica, seguido de la entrevista y el examen práctico. En relación con las características deseables del personal, se identificaron el trabajo en equipo y la búsqueda y manejo de información como las principales. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las dimensiones características de contratación, satisfacción con el empleado y desempeño laboral y la institución de salud. Conclusiones: La evaluación del desempeño del egresado en el presente estudio fue la mejor preparación en la aplicación del proceso de enfermería, los conocimientos generales, la resolución de problemas, la toma de decisiones y la identificación institucional.

Aim: To identify the opinion of the immediate superiors about the performance of graduates of Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza for feedback on the curriculum and establish a continuous improvement plan on strengths and weaknesses. Methodology: Descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study. With a nonrandom convenience sample comprised 29 immediate superiors in Health Institutions on 2nd and 3rd level of care. An instrument of supervisor on employability, job satisfaction and performance was applied. The instrument presented a 0.820 reliability with Cronbach Alpha test and was validated by experts. Results: For recruitment, the title is ranked as the main characteristic, followed by the interview and practice test. In relation to the desirable characteristics of staff teamwork, search and information management was identified as major. Statistically significant differences between the characteristic dimensions recruitment, employee satisfaction and job performance and health institution were observed. Conclusions: Performance evaluation of graduates in this study was the best training in the application of the nursing process, general knowledge, problem solving, decision-making and institutional identity.

Objetivo: Identificar a opinião dos superiores imediatos sobre o desempenho dos formandos da Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza para o feedback sobre o currículo e estabelecer um plano de melhoria contínua nos pontos fortes e fracos. Método: Estudo descritivo, transversal e correlacionai. Com uma conveniência nonrandom amostra foi composta por 29 superiores imediatos nas instituições de saúde em 2º e 3º nível de cuidados. O instrumento de avaliação do supervisor sobre a empregabilidade, a satisfação no trabalho e desempenho foi aplicado. O instrumento apresentou uma confiabilidade de 0,820 com o teste de Cronbach alfa e foi validado por especialistas. Resultados: Para o recrutamento, o título está classificado como a característica principal, seguido pela entrevista e teste. Em relação às características desejáveis de equipe trabalho em equipe, de pesquisa e informação de gestão foi identificada como major. Observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o recrutamento dimensões características, a satisfação dos funcionários e desempenho no trabalho e instituição de saúde. Conclusão: Avaliação do desempenho dos graduados neste estudo foi a melhor formação na aplicação do processo de enfermagem, conhecimentos gerais, resolução de problemas, tomada de decisão e participação institucional.

The Long Term Impact of Micronutrient Supplementation during Infancy on Cognition and Executive Function Performance in Pre-School Children.

Brain growth and development are critically dependent on several micronutrients. During early development cellular activity may be sensitive to micronutrient deficiencies, however the evidence from human studies is equivocal. The objective of this study was to examine the long-term cognitive and social-emotional effects of multiple micronutrient supplementation compared with iron supplementation alone, administered during infancy. This study was a follow-up to an initial randomized, double-blind controlled trial (RCT) in 2010 in which 902 infants, aged 6-17 months, from Lima, Peru, were given daily supplements of either iron (Fe) or multiple micronutrients (MMN) including zinc (451 in each group). The supplementation period for both groups was six months. In 2012, a subsample of 184 children from the original cohort (now aged 36-48 months) was randomly selected to participate in a follow-up trial and was assessed for intelligence, working memory, inhibition, and executive function. The tests showed no significant differences between the supplementation groups though there were some gender differences, with girls displaying higher scores than boys across both groups on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) Verbal IQ sentences subtest, the Day-Night cognitive test and on the Brief Infant-Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) social competency, and boys scoring higher than girls in problem behaviour. The results indicate that MMN supplementation had no long term additional effects on cognitive function compared with iron supplementation alone. The timing of supplement administration for maximum impact on a child's cognitive development requires further investigation.

Factors that affect zinc bioavailability and losses in adult and elderly populations.

The most widely used method for estimating dietary zinc requirements is the factorial approach, in which it is assumed, in adults, that the physiological zinc requirement is the lowest intake that replaces endogenous zinc losses. Presented here are the results of two reviews: a narrative review of zinc losses from the human body and a systematic review of factors affecting zinc bioavailability in adult and elderly populations. The narrative review presents data on losses from integumental and excretory routes, obtained from 29 papers published up to April 2013. The systematic review includes a total of 87 publications describing dietary factors that impact zinc bioavailability, 30 of which examined phytate. A meta-analysis revealed an overall lowering of fractional zinc absorption by 0.14 (45% of control values) when the phytate : zinc molar ratio of the test meal or diet was greater than 15. These reviews provide a comprehensive resource for use in the setting of human dietary zinc requirements and emphasize the need for more high-quality data to improve estimates of zinc losses and gains.

Socio-economic determinants of micronutrient intake and status in Europe: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To provide the evidence base for targeted nutrition policies to reduce the risk of micronutrient/diet-related diseases among disadvantaged populations in Europe, by focusing on: folate, vitamin B12, Fe, Zn and iodine for intake and status; and vitamin C, vitamin D, Ca, Se and Cu for intake. DESIGN: MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched to collect original studies that: (i) were published from 1990 to 2011; (ii) involved >100 subjects; (iii) had assessed dietary intake at the individual level; and/or (iv) included best practice biomarkers reflecting micronutrient status. We estimated relative differences in mean micronutrient intake and/or status between the lowest and highest socio-economic groups to: (i) evaluate variation in intake and status between socio-economic groups; and (ii) report on data availability. SETTING: Europe. SUBJECTS: Children, adults and elderly. RESULTS: Data from eighteen publications originating primarily from Western Europe showed that there is a positive association between indicators of socio-economic status and micronutrient intake and/or status. The largest differences were observed for intake of vitamin C in eleven out of twelve studies (5-47 %) and for vitamin D in total of four studies (4-31 %). CONCLUSIONS: The positive association observed between micronutrient intake and socio-economic status should complement existing evidence on socio-economic inequalities in diet-related diseases among disadvantaged populations in Europe. These findings could provide clues for further research and have implications for public health policy aimed at improving the intake of micronutrients and diet-related diseases.

A systematic review on micronutrient intake adequacy in adult minority populations residing in Europe: the need for action.

This systematic review evaluated micronutrient intake inadequacy of ten micronutrients for adult ethnic minority populations residing in Europe. Pubmed was searched for studies, related references were checked and experts consulted. Ten studies were identified and six were included in the final analysis representing Albanian, Roma, Sub-Saharan African, South Asian and African-Caribbean minority groups. The Estimated Average Requirement cut point was applied to estimate inadequate intake. With the exception of a sub-Saharan African study, of seven micronutrients analysed, inadequate intakes were markedly elevated (>50 % of the population in most cases) in both genders for folate, vitamin B(12), calcium and iron (the latter in females only). A pressing need exists for intake adequacy studies with sound methodologies addressing ethnic minority groups in Europe. These populations constitute a vulnerable population for inadequate intakes and results substantiate the need for further investigation, interventions and policy measures to reduce their nutritional risk.

EURRECA-Estimating zinc requirements for deriving dietary reference values.

Zinc was selected as a priority micronutrient for EURRECA, because there is significant heterogeneity in the Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) across Europe. In addition, the prevalence of inadequate zinc intakes was thought to be high among all population groups worldwide, and the public health concern is considerable. In accordance with the EURRECA consortium principles and protocols, a series of literature reviews were undertaken in order to develop best practice guidelines for assessing dietary zinc intake and zinc status. These were incorporated into subsequent literature search strategies and protocols for studies investigating the relationships between zinc intake, status and health, as well as studies relating to the factorial approach (including bioavailability) for setting dietary recommendations. EMBASE (Ovid), Cochrane Library CENTRAL, and MEDLINE (Ovid) databases were searched for studies published up to February 2010 and collated into a series of Endnote databases that are available for the use of future DRV panels. Meta-analyses of data extracted from these publications were performed where possible in order to address specific questions relating to factors affecting dietary recommendations. This review has highlighted the need for more high quality studies to address gaps in current knowledge, in particular the continued search for a reliable biomarker of zinc status and the influence of genetic polymorphisms on individual dietary requirements. In addition, there is a need to further develop models of the effect of dietary inhibitors of zinc absorption and their impact on population dietary zinc requirements.

Effect of zinc intake on serum/plasma zinc status in infants: a meta-analysis.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of available randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to evaluate the effect of zinc (Zn) intake on serum/plasma Zn status in infants. Out of 5500 studies identified through electronic searches and reference lists, 13 RCTs were selected after applying the exclusion/inclusion criteria. The influence of Zn intake on serum/plasma Zn concentration was considered in the overall meta-analysis. Other variables were also taken into account as possible effect modifiers: doses of Zn intake, intervention duration, nutritional status and risk of bias. The pooled ß of status was 0.09 [confidence interval (CI) 0.05 to 0.12]. However, a substantial heterogeneity was present in the analyses (I(2) = 98%; P = 0.00001). When we performed a meta-regression, the effect of Zn intake on serum/plasma Zn status changed depending on the duration of the intervention, the dose of supplementation and the nutritional situation (P ANCOVA = 0.054; <0.001 and <0.007, respectively). After stratifying the sample according to the effect modifiers, the results by duration of intervention showed a positive effect when Zn intake was provided during medium and long periods of time (4-20 weeks and >20 weeks). A positive effect was also seen when doses ranged from 8.1 to 12 mg day(-1). In all cases, the pooled ß showed high evidence of heterogeneity. Zn supplementation increases serum/plasma Zn status in infants, although high evidence of heterogeneity was found. Further standardised research is urgently needed to reach evidence-based conclusions to clarify the role of Zn supplementation upon infant serum/plasma Zn status, particularly in Europe.

Effect of zinc intake on mental and motor development in infants: a meta-analysis.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to evaluate the effect of zinc (Zn) intake on mental and motor development in infants. Out of 5500 studies identified through electronic searches and reference lists, 5 RCTs were selected after applying the exclusion/inclusion criteria. The influence of Zn intake on mental and motor development was considered in the overall meta-analysis. Other variables were also taken into account as possible effect modifiers: doses of Zn intake, intervention duration, nutritional situation, and risk of bias. Indices of mental and motor development assessed were the Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI). Additionally we carried out a sensitivity analysis. The pooled ß was -0.01 (95 %CI -0.02, 0) for MDI and 0 (95 %CI -0.03, 0.02) for PDI, with a substantial heterogeneity in both analyses. When we performed a meta-regression, the effect of Zn supplementation on MDI changed depending on the dose of supplementation. Regarding PDI, there was a differential effect of Zn intake depending on intervention duration, dose of supplementation, nutritional situation, and risk of bias. Zn supplementation showed a negative, weak and significant effect on PDI score in those studies with a length of 4 to 20 weeks (ß= -0.05; CI 95 % -0.06 to -0.04). In conclusion, no association was found between Zn intake and mental and motor development in infants. Further standardized research is urgently needed to clarify the role of Zn supplementation upon infant mental and motor development, particularly in Europe.

Micronutrient intake and status in Central and Eastern Europe compared with other European countries, results from the EURRECA network.

OBJECTIVE: To compare micronutrient intakes and status in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) with those in other European countries and with reference values. DESIGN: Review of the micronutrient intake/status data from open access and grey literature sources from CEE. SETTING: Micronutrients studied were folate, iodine, Fe, vitamin B12 and Zn (for intake and status) and Ca, Cu, Se, vitamin C and vitamin D (for intake). Intake data were based on validated dietary assessment methods; mean intakes were compared with average nutrient requirements set by the Nordic countries or the US Institute of Medicine. Nutritional status was assessed using the status biomarkers and cut-off levels recommended primarily by the WHO. SUBJECTS: For all population groups in CEE, the mean intake and mean/median status levels were compared between countries and regions: CEE, Scandinavia, Western Europe and Mediterranean. RESULTS: Mean micronutrient intakes of adults in the CEE region were in the same range as those from other European regions, with exception of Ca (lower in CEE). CEE children and adolescents had poorer iodine status, and intakes of Ca, folate and vitamin D were below the reference values. CONCLUSIONS: CEE countries are lacking comparable studies on micronutrient intake/status across all age ranges, especially in children. Available evidence showed no differences in micronutrient intake/status in CEE populations in comparison with other European regions, except for Ca intake in adults and iodine and Fe status in children. The identified knowledge gaps urge further research on micronutrient intake/status of CEE populations to make a basis for evidence-based nutrition policy.

The relationship between zinc intake and serum/plasma zinc concentration in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis by the EURRECA Network.

Dietary Zn recommendations vary widely across Europe due to the heterogeneity of approaches used by expert panels. Under the EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned (EURRECA) consortium a protocol was designed to systematically review and undertake meta-analyses of research data to create a database that includes 'best practice' guidelines which can be used as a resource by future panels when setting micronutrient recommendations. As part of this process, the objective of the present study was to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis of previously published data describing the relationship between Zn intake and status in adults. Searches were performed of literature published up to February 2010 using MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library. Data extracted included population characteristics, dose of Zn, duration of study, dietary intake of Zn, and mean concentration of Zn in plasma or serum at the end of the intervention period. An intake-status regression coefficient (ß ) was estimated for each individual study, and pooled meta-analysis undertaken. The overall pooled ß for Zn supplementation on serum/plasma Zn concentrations from randomised controlled trials and observational studies was 0·08 (95 % CI 0·05, 0·11; P < 0·0001; I² 84·5 %). An overall ß of 0·08 means that for every doubling in Zn intake, the difference in Zn serum or plasma concentration is ß (2(0·08) = 1·06), which is 6 %. Whether the dose-response relationship, as provided in the present paper, could be used as either qualitative or quantitative evidence to substantiate the daily Zn intake dose necessary to achieve normal or optimal levels of biomarkers for Zn status remains a matter of discussion.